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Indian History :
Indian History is of interest to the masses including foreigners due to the culture and civilisations in this sub-continent. Indian history can be analysed by political, cultural, religious or economic axes.
In terms of chronology, Indian History has three periods – Ancient India, Medieval India and Modern India.
This happened with proto-humans (Homo erectus) in the Indian subcontinent 20 lakh years (2 million years) ago, and with Homo sapiens since 70,000 BC. But they were gathers/hunters.
The earliest inhabitants of Indian subcontinent can be identified as tribal people such as Nagas (North-East), Santhals (East-India), Bhils (Central India), Gonds (Central India), Todas (South India) etc. The majority of them are speakers of Austric, pre-Dravidian languages, including Munda and Gondvi. Dravidians and Aryans were second-generation immigrants to the sub-continent.
In ancient India, the terms Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic and Chalcolithic have different meanings – depending on the kind of stone/metal tools.
Paleolithic (2 million BC – 10,000 BC)
Fire
Equipments constructed from limestone.
Ostrich Eggs
Significant Paleolithic sites: Bhimbetka (M.P), Hunsgi, Kurnool Caves, Narmada Valley (Hathnora, M.P), Kaladgi Basin.
Mesolithic Age (10,000 BC – 8,000 BC)
Major Climatic Change happened
Domestication ie The domestication of cattle began.
Microliths at Brahmagiri (Mysore), Narmada, Vindya, Gujarat.
Magadha kingdom – Bimbisara of Haryanka Kula
Sisunga dynasty – Kalasoka (Kakavarnin)
Nanda empire – Mahapadma-nanda, Dhana-nanda
Persian- Greek: Alexander 327 BC
Mauryan Empire (321-185 BC)
Maharshis of the Mauryan Empire: Chandra Gupta Maurya, Bindusara, Asoka
Post-Mauryan Kingdoms (Middle Kingdoms):
Sunga (181-71 BC), Kanva (71-27BC), Satavahanas (235-100BC), Indo-Greeks, Parthians (19-45AD), Sakas(90BC-150AD), Kushanas(78AD)
South Indian Kingdoms – Chola, Chera, Pandyas (BC 300)
Gupta Kingdom (300AD – 800AD): Classical Era
Key politician of Gupta Period: Samudra Gupta (Indian Napoleon)
Post Guptas or Contemporary Guptas
Harshvardana, Vakatakas, Pallavas, Chalukyas. Hunas, Maitrakas, Rajputs, Senas and Chauhans.
Medieval India (AD 700 – AD 1857)
AD: 800-1200: Three-man battle (Tripartite struggle)– Prathiharas, Palas, and Rashtrakutas
Muhammed Bin Kassim’s Attack (AD 712)
Rise of Islam and Sufism
Mohammed Ghazni (AD 1000-27)
Mohammed Ghori (AD 1175-1206)
* Kingdoms of South India in Medieval India – Bhamini and Vijayanagara
Delhi Sultanate (1206 AD – 1526 AD)
During the Delhi Sultanate, the successive dynasties flourished one after another.
Slave Dynasty
Kilji Dynasty
Tuglaq Dynasty
Sayyid Dynasty
Lodi Dynasty
Mughals (AD 1526 – AD 1857)
Great Mughals
Later Mughals
Mughals from Babar (1526) to Aurangazeb (1707), the greater of the three, were Great Mughals. The Mughals who reigned from 1707 to 1857 were Later Mughals.
Modern India (AD 1857 +)
First Indian Independence War (1857)
Initiation of Indian National Congress (1885)
Formation of Muslim League (1906)
Non-Co-operation Movement (1920)
Civil Disobedience Movement (1930)
Quit India Movement (1942)
Partition of India (1947)
Constitutional History of India (1946 – 1950)
Economic Development of India
Wars – India-Pak – The creation of Bangladesh; India-China.
New Economic Policy of 1991
Nuclear, Space and Defense Development
History Schools
Orientalists – West Aiding East Culture – Out of action
Cambridge School – Downplays ideology
Nationalist School – To Congress and Gandhi: Hindu Nationalists for Hindutva version
Marxists School – Class conflict
Subaltern School – Caste conflict
UPSC Ancient Indian History Notes will introduce to you the cultures and places of the ancient civilization of India through its colorful and rich art, architecture, literature, and religious practices. They tackle the historical links that contribute to a wholesome concept of the historical continuum and the way it is dominant today. Ancient history forms an important part of both Prelims and Mains. Inclusive Ancient History Notes for UPSC can be of great help in reaching the right answer to multiple choice questions and in writing detailed answers in Mains.
Indus Valley Civilisation is the earliest known civilisation in the Indian Subcontinent. It is also called the Harappan Civilization which originated from 2500 to 1700 BCE. Of the three oldest civilizations, Indus Valley Civilization being the principal one can be seen most clearly.
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